Process-based framework for precise neuromodulation

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/ Lubianiker N, Goldway N, Fruchtman-Steinbok T, Paret C, Keynan JN, Singer N, Cohen A, Kadosh KC, Linden DEJ, Hendler T.Nat Hum Behav. 2019 May;3(5):436-445

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The authors bring forth the idea of a process-based approach to neural regulation.
 

Three aspects of neurofeedback training and testing are addressed: (1) Neural targeting – the part of the brain that we want to influence with neurofeedback. The authors propose moving from an approach that targets a single brain region, to targeting a mental process, which involves a network of multiple brain regions often activated in synchrony. For example, emotional regulation involves limbic regions [such as the amygdala], together with other brain regions [such as the insula and prefrontal cortex]. Even in single-region neurofeedback targeting, effects usually extend beyond the target region, to other brain regions; (2) Feedback interface – the interactive setup and manner in which the feedback is presented.

 

The authors propose designing a feedback interface that systematically targets the mental process we want to influence, by creating a contextual setting in which this mental process is typically expressed or triggered [such as an enjoyable setting to target reward processing, or a stressful setting to target emotional regulation]; (3) Neurofeedback specificity – the combination of test, control and placebo conditions by which we try to isolate the effects of a specific neurofeedback method. The authors propose designing randomized clinical trials combining multiple control conditions to allow better inference. 

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To read the full article in Nature Human Behaviour - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-019-0573-y